Journal of Media Studies, Vol 31, No 1 (2016)

Font Size:  Small  Medium  Large

The last chance to stop the clash: A case study on cartoon controversy

Nafisa Safri

Abstract


Using cartoon controversy as a precedent, this paper describes theurgency to address the clash between the two cultural fault lines;freedom of expression, and freedom of religion (religioussensitivity). This paper also covers relevant literature on the outsetof freedom in the social contract theory. This research appliescritical method to understand the clash between freedom ofexpression and freedom of religion as a clash of civilization. It thennotes the political and religious effects of this clash on the Westernand the Islamic civilization. Lastly, this paper attempts to find thelimits to free speech and ways to implement them. In response tothis last point, the paper found that laws similar to the prohibitionof anti-Semitism should be formulated and implemented. However;it is pointed out that such a law would not protect or promoteIslamic values but prevent a deadly clash between the West andIslam.

References


Ahmad, A., & Hunter, S. (2000). The Future of Islam and the West:Clash of Civilizations or Peaceful Coexistence? Journal ofLaw and Religion, 15(1/2).Asser, M. (2006). What the Muhammad cartoons portray. BBC News.Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis:examination and reformulation. Psychological bulletin, 106(1).Blair, T. (2006). Clash About Civilization. Speech by Tony Blair, 21.Cass, P. (2006). A dozen Danish cartoons and the wrath of theMuslim world.Drummond, L. B. W, & Thomas, M (Eds.). (2003). Consuming urbanculture in contemporary Vietnam: Psychology Press.Elahi, M. Social Contract theory by Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.http://www.academia.edu/3138759/Soci_Contract_Theory_by_Hobbes_Locke_and_RousseauEltayeb, M. S. M. (2010). The Limitations on Critical Thinking onReligious Issues under Article 20 of ICCPR and its Relationto Freedom of Expression. Religion & Human Rights, 5(2),119-135.Erlanger, S, & Benhlold, K. (2015). Dangerous Moment’ for Europe,as Fear and Resentment Grow. from The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/world/europe/paris-attack-reflects-a-dangerous-moment-foreurope.html?_r=0Fish, S. (2006). Our Faith in Letting It All Hang Out.http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/opinion/12fish.html?pagewanted=printFriedrich, C. J. (1964). Totalitarianism. Grosset& Dunlap, 167.Fukuyama, F., & Bloom, A. (1989). The end of history? . NationalAffairs, Incorporated, 16,, 3-18.Gupta, A. (1997). Are We Really Seeing the Clash of Civilization? .Asian Responses, 65-73.Hampton, J. (1988). Hobbes and the social contract tradition:Cambridge University Press.Huntington, S. P. (1996). The West unique, not universal. Foreignaffairs, 28-46.Ife, J. (2007). Human rights and peace. Handbook of Peace and ConflictStudies, 160.Ilse, S. The Danish Cartoon Affair and Limits to Freedom ofExpression: A libertarian, Islamic and Moderate response.http://www.academia.edu/8774018/The_Danish_Cartoon_Affair_and_Limits_to_Freedom_of_Expression_A_Libertarian_Islamic_and_Moderate_Mainstream_responseJørgensen, R. F (Ed.). (2006). Human rights in the global informationsociety: MIT Press.Kahn, R. A. (2009). Flemming Rose, The Danish CartoonControversy, and the New European Freedom of Speech.Cal. W. Int'l LJ, 40(253).Kaylor, B. T. (2012). Cartoonish Claims: Editorial CartoonDepictions of Religion. Mass Communication and Society,15(2), 245-260.Lewis, B. (1990). The roots of Muslim rage. The Atlantic, 266(3), 47-60.Mail, Guardian. (2015). MJC: Freedom of speech should not lead tohate speech. http://mg.co.za/article/2015-01-10-mjcfreedom-of-speech-should-not-lead-to-hate-speechMann, J. M, Gostin, L., Gruskin, S., Brennan, T., Lazzarini, Z., &Fineberg, H. V. (1994). Health and human rights. Health andhuman rights, 6-23.Morse, F. (2012). The Right to Offend? Mehdi Hasan Denies'Absolute Right' To Freedom Of Speech.http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/10/11/the-rightto-offend-mehdi-hasan-freedom-of-speech_n_1959512.htmlMwita, D. (2011). Social Contract Theory of John Locke (1932-1704)in the Contemporary World. St. Augustine University LawJournal, 1(1), 49-60.Nashashibi, S. (2015). Islam and free speech: What's so funny.http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/01/islam-free-speech-what-so-funny-201511345039925211.htmlNytimes.com. (2015). Islam and the West at War. fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/opinion/rogercohen-islam-and-the-west-at-war.html?_r=0Riley, P. (1999). Will and political legitimacy: A critical exposition ofsocial contract theory in Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant,and Hegel. iUniverse.Robertson, G., & Niblett, D. (2011). Transatlantic Relations: A Casefor Optimism.http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/060711robertson.pdfRousseau, J. J. (1997). The Social Contract, 1763. The Spirit of Laws;On the Origin of Inequality; On Political Economy. TheSocial Contract, 387-439.Ruane, K. A. (2014). Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to theFirst Amendment. https://www. fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95-815. pdf [accessed in Cianjur,Indonesia: September 25, 2014].Rynning, S., & Schmidt, C. H. (2006). Muhammad cartoons inDenmark: from freedom of speech to Denmark’s biggestinternational crisis since 1945. UNISCI Discussion Papers,11(11-21).Sato, S. (1997). The clash of civilizations: A view from Japan. Asia-Pacific Review, 4(2), 7-23.Solomon, L. (2013). Lawrence Solomon: Immigration backlash.http://business.financialpost.com/fp-comment/lawrencesolomon-immigration-backlashSpiegelman, A. (2006). Drawing blood. Harper's Magazine, 312, 43-52.Stanley, T., & lee, A. (2014). It's Still Not the End of History. Retrievedfromhttp://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/09/its-still-not-the-end-of-history-francis-fukuyama/379394/Starrett, G. (2006). Cartoon Violence and a Clash of Civilization.Anthropology News, 47(3), 27-27.Waheed, A., Aslam, T. M., Zamin Abbas, R., Tahira, S. S., Siddique,N. , Khurshid, M. A. , & Malik, N. A. (2012). Exploring'TheClash of Civilization as a Paradigm'andthe'Cause of theCivilizational Clash': A Review of Literature. InternationalJournal of Business and Social Science, 3(16).Waldron, J. (2012). The harm in hate speech: Harvard University Press.Younge, G. (2006). The Right to Be Offended, The Nation. Retrievedfrom http://www.thenation.com/article/right-be-offended

Full Text: PDF

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Institute of Communication Studies
University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore - 54590, Pakistan.

E-Mail : ed.jms.ics@gmail.com

Phone No. : 92-42-99231225